Critical Analysis of Biological Warfare
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58414/SCIENTIFICTEMPER.2021.12.1.04Keywords:
Biological warfare, Microorganism, Biological agents, World War I.Abstract
Biological warfare is use of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria, fungi or toxin found in nature that can used to kill or injure human, animal or plant. The possibility that biological agents will be used against us is no longer unthinkable. The threat of biological warfare has increased over the past two decades, with a number of countries working on offensive use of these agents. Allegations of biological attacks have been made since World War I; however, most of these have not been confirmed. Biological warfare has been renounced by more than 150 nations, primarily for strategic and other pragmatic reasons. The terrorist activities will increase day by day that will involve bombs and firearms not only this but, also include biological agents. There is also a certain amount of concern over the possibility that terrorists might use biological agents to threaten either military or civilian populations.
Keywords: Biological warfare, Microorganism, Biological agents, World War I
Downloads
Downloads
Published
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::getDaysFromStartOfWeek(): Implicitly marking parameter $weekStartsAt as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1394
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::setDaysFromStartOfWeek(): Implicitly marking parameter $weekStartsAt as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1412
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::utcOffset(): Implicitly marking parameter $minuteOffset as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1481
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Localization::locale(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Localization.php on line 447
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorInterface::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorInterface.php on line 62
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorInterface::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorInterface.php on line 62
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Test::setDefaultTimezone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Test.php on line 203
Deprecated: Return type of Carbon\Traits\Date::createFromTimestamp($timestamp, $tz = null) should either be compatible with DateTime::createFromTimestamp(int|float $timestamp): static, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Timestamp.php on line 29
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toOffsetName(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 158
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toOffsetTimeZone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 172
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toRegionName(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 188
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toRegionTimeZone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 230
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $formatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 71
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $cacheDir as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 71
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::addResource(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 109
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 176
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 176
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::getCatalogue(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 211
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogue::all(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/MessageCatalogue.php on line 66
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogueInterface::all(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/MessageCatalogueInterface.php on line 42
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorBagInterface::getCatalogue(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/TranslatorBagInterface.php on line 28
Deprecated: Carbon\AbstractTranslator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $formatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/AbstractTranslator.php on line 81
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Formatter\MessageFormatter::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $translator as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Formatter/MessageFormatter.php on line 31
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Formatter\MessageFormatter::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $intlFormatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Formatter/MessageFormatter.php on line 31
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorTrait::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorTrait.php on line 44
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorTrait::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorTrait.php on line 44
25-07-2021
