Bianchi Type-I Bulk Viscous String Cosmological Model with a Dynamical Cosmological Term
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58414/SCIENTIFICTEMPER.2026.17.4.31Keywords:
Bianchi type‑I cosmology, Bulk viscosity, String cosmological model, Dynamical cosmological constant, Einstein field equations, Anisotropic universeAbstract
The Einstein field equations with a cosmological constant are analyzed for a Bianchi type-I universe in the presence of bulk viscosity. The analysis assumes that: the bulk viscosity coefficient is directly proportional to the expansion scalar ; the expansion scalar is directly proportional to the shear scalar and the cosmological constant is directly proportional to the Hubble parameter . The physical and cosmological implications of these solutions are presented along with a discussion.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Downloads
Published
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::getDaysFromStartOfWeek(): Implicitly marking parameter $weekStartsAt as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1394
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::setDaysFromStartOfWeek(): Implicitly marking parameter $weekStartsAt as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1412
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Date::utcOffset(): Implicitly marking parameter $minuteOffset as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Date.php on line 1481
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Localization::locale(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Localization.php on line 447
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorInterface::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorInterface.php on line 62
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorInterface::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorInterface.php on line 62
Deprecated: Carbon\Traits\Test::setDefaultTimezone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Test.php on line 203
Deprecated: Return type of Carbon\Traits\Date::createFromTimestamp($timestamp, $tz = null) should either be compatible with DateTime::createFromTimestamp(int|float $timestamp): static, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/Traits/Timestamp.php on line 29
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toOffsetName(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 158
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toOffsetTimeZone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 172
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toRegionName(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 188
Deprecated: Carbon\CarbonTimeZone::toRegionTimeZone(): Implicitly marking parameter $date as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/CarbonTimeZone.php on line 230
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $formatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 71
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $cacheDir as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 71
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::addResource(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 109
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 176
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 176
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator::getCatalogue(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Translator.php on line 211
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogue::all(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/MessageCatalogue.php on line 66
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogueInterface::all(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/MessageCatalogueInterface.php on line 42
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorBagInterface::getCatalogue(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/TranslatorBagInterface.php on line 28
Deprecated: Carbon\AbstractTranslator::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $formatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon/AbstractTranslator.php on line 81
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Formatter\MessageFormatter::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $translator as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Formatter/MessageFormatter.php on line 31
Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\Formatter\MessageFormatter::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $intlFormatter as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Formatter/MessageFormatter.php on line 31
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorTrait::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorTrait.php on line 44
Deprecated: Symfony\Contracts\Translation\TranslatorTrait::trans(): Implicitly marking parameter $locale as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home/me0q8pmuecdl/scientifictemper.com/ojs-3.4/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation-contracts/TranslatorTrait.php on line 44
25-04-2026
Issue
Section
Research article
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Scientific Temper
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Bianchi Type-I Bulk Viscous String Cosmological Model with a Dynamical Cosmological Term. (2026). The Scientific Temper, 17(04), 6206-6212. https://doi.org/10.58414/SCIENTIFICTEMPER.2026.17.4.31
