Strategies for adaptations and mitigation of abiotic stresses in crops: A review

Abstract

Globally, we are fronting environmental pollution with augmented greenhouse gases which are the foremost ground of climate variation. Abiotic stresses i.e., drought, flood, heat, cold, salinity, ozone, heavy metal, and high irradiance are responsible for their detrimental influences on crop plants. A significant impact on plant distribution, growth and development, and agricultural productivity is imposed by abiotic stresses. As plants are sessile, they must deal with abiotic challenges as plants withstand these abiotic stresses by modifying morphological, physiological, and biochemical retorts. Addressing and mitigating these stresses are essential for ensuring sustainable agriculture. This review highlights the advancements in strategies to enhance crop adaptation and mitigation under abiotic stress conditions. Prominent approaches include developing stress-resilient crop varieties through traditional breeding methods and genetic engineering, employing bio-stimulants, phytochelatins, plant growth regulators, adopting innovative irrigation and soil management techniques. Emphasis is placed on molecular-level adaptations, such as modulating stress-responsive genes and strengthening antioxidant defense systems, for their role in boosting crop resilience. By consolidating recent progress and identifying research gaps, this review aims to establish a comprehensive framework for enhancing crop productivity amidst escalating environmental challenges.